Electron multipliers And Vacuum tubes in the 21st century

The highest possible vacuum is desired in a tube. Remaining gas atoms will ionize and conduct electricity between the elements in an undesired manner. In a defective tube residual air pressure will lead to ionization, becoming visible as a pink-purple glow discharge between the tube elements. To prevent gases from compromising the tube's vacuum, modern tubes are constructed with "getters", which are usually small, circular troughs filled with...

Heat generation and transfer Power

A considerable amount of heat is produced when tubes operate, both from the filament (heater) but also from the stream of electrons bombarding the plate. The requirements for heat removal can significantly change the appearance of high-power vacuum tubes. Although the miniature tube style became predominant in consumer The anode (plate) of this transmitting triode has been designed to dissipate up to 500W of heatequipment, high power audio...

Tube packages High Power

Most modern tubes have glass envelopes, but metal, fused quartz (silica), and ceramic have also been used. High power GS-9B triode transmitting tube with heat sink at bottom.The first version of the 6L6 used a metal envelope sealed with glass beads, while a glass disk fused to the Metal cased tubes with "octal" basesmetal was used in later versions. Metal and ceramic are used almost exclusively for power tubes above 2 kW dissipation....

Electron Tube Thermionic Valve

Vacuum tubes with two active elements ("diodes") are used for rectification. Ones with 3 or more elements ("triodes", "tetrodes", etc.) are used for amplification, functions which rely on amplification such as oscillators, Modern vacuum tubes, mostly miniature styleIn electronics, a vacuum and switching. Standard tubes with cathode, grids, and anode are classified in various ways according to requirements. They Early RCA triode vacuum tube,...